Chicano Movement Essay - 1250 Words

More than a century of prejudice against one of the largest minority residing in the United States that continues today. To these days Hispanics are targets of discrimination and are not offer equal opportunities in jobs and education. The roots of discrimination go back to the end of the Mexican War when thousands of Mexicans became American citizens overnight. The sign of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo not only transfer land to the United States but also the people that live there before it became territory of the United States. These people began to suffer from discrimination in their owl land. Their sons and daughters did not have better luck because even thought they were born in the United States therefore they are American citizens†¦show more content†¦Finally after many deacades of suffering the Chicanos decided to make their voices be heard around the country and fight discrimination and to demand the rigthts they desrve as Americdan citizens. The Chicano movement began since the U.S took hundreds of miles from Mexico at the end of the Mexican War in 1848. The thousands of Mexican that were living in the territory that became part of the U.S became American citizens overnight and since then countless Chicanos have confronted discrimination, racism and exploitation in their own country. Mexican Americans is the term used to describeShow MoreRelatedSuccess Of The Chicano Movement1600 Words   |  7 PagesThe Chicano movement was a movement that inspired thousands of Mexicans and Mexican-Americans to boldly take a stand against discriminatory oppression. For years, the Chicano movement fought for Mexicans’ rights. However, the movement failed to recognize that its women were an oppressed group that also needed to be heard by the gringos and their system. The women were oppressed triply through race, class, and gender. Chicanas not only had to fight the American system that worked against colored minoritiesRead MoreThe Movement Of The Chicano Movement1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe Chicano movement that occurred in the 60’s and 70’s came out during the same time of the Civil Rights Movement. It was about fighting for social, political, and economic justice for Chicano people. The issues that were highlighted in the movement were; restoration of lan d grant rights, fair treatment of farm workers, educational access and dismantling racial discrimination for Chicano youth, and pushing for voting rights. Common historiographies of the Chicano civil rights movement in the 60Read MoreThe Chicano Movement During The 1960s1261 Words   |  6 Pages Montejano describes the Chicano movement during the 1960s in San Antonio, Texas. Montejano wrote this book to inform readers of the events that happened within the Chicano community. San Antonio was mostly populated by Mexican-Americans in the 1960s, but was generally governed by Anglos. Anglos-Saxons did nothing to meet the needs of Mexican- Americans living in the West and South sides of San Antonio which were historically the lower income parts of town with the majority of people taking residenceRead MoreThe Chicano Movement By Frank Romero1024 Words   |  5 Pagesto society. The Chicano movement started in the 1960s; the public wanted to repair social injustice. The Chicano movement encompassed a broad section of issues; from restoration of lands, to farm workers’ rights, to enhance education, to voting and political rights. At this moment many individuals were trying different ways to express their views and one of those ways was art. In the early years of the Chicano movement, Frank Romero established a reputation as one of the Chicano art heroes. ThroughRead MoreThe Chicano Movement : A Unique, Dramatic, And Multifaceted Social Struggle Of Affirmation1756 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Chicano community undertook a unique, dramatic, and multifaceted social struggle of affirmation. This historic phase became more and more varied and complex then previous struggles (Maciel, 2010). Mexican Americans took movement, defined and took pride in their own identity, asserted their civil rights, worked toward self-determination by improving their financial, social, and political circumstances. â€Å"Similar to other movements of this period promoting civil rights, the Chicano movement madeRead More The Chicano Movement: Struggles, Goals, and Accomplishments Essay examples1537 Words   |  7 PagesIn American history, civil rights movements have played a major role for many ethnics in the United States and have shape American society to what it is today. The impact of civil rights movements is tremendous and to an extent, they accomplish the objectives that the groups of people set out to achieve. The Mexican-American Civil Rights Movement, more commonly known as the Chicano Movement or El Movimiento, was one of the many movements in the United States that set out to obtain equality for Mexican-AmericansRead MoreChicano Movement1269 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican citi zens also continue to suffer from discrimination because of their background. After more than three generation of being born in America Chicanos decided to revolt. The Chicano movement bloomed in the 1960s when the generation was tired of the racial discrimination and decides to fight for their rights. They created organizations to help Chicanos, organize walkouts to protest against inadequate learning environment and they protested against unequal opportunists in jobs. The United StatesRead MoreMexican Civit Rights Movement 1940s Vs Chicano Movement 1960s592 Words   |  2 PagesOne of the many similarities about the Mexican American Civil Rights movements and the Chicano Movement in the 60s- 70s is that they fought for what they believed they had a right to have. Many in the 1940’s and in the 1960’s stepped up to show their loyalty to the United States by joining the military and sadly manly lost their lives during World War II and the Vietnam War. They were many Mexican Americans who were stationed in infantry and many dangerous areas during the war. They all fought withRead MoreOverview of the Chicano Movement691 Words   |  3 Pagesre-definition of the term Chicano came about during the 1960s due to the efforts of many young Mexican and Mexican-American students who infused a sense of social, artistic, political and educational pride in themselves and in their culture. These people were able to take this particular term and red efine it to their own liking as a symbol of pride and solidarity. To that end, there were many different impetuses that helped to spawn what has been called the Chicano movement. Initially, this movementsRead MoreThe Chicano Movement Of America1832 Words   |  8 Pagessuffer discrimination, poverty, and injustice. Tired of the injustice against Mexican immigrants and the discrimination they suffered, the Mexican-American started a movement, the Chicano movement. The Chicano movement occurs after being tired from suffering, for many years, margination, poverty and a broken â€Å"american dream†. The Chicanos besides succeeding in the creation of literary and visual arts that validated the ethnicity of the Mexican-American culture, they also achieved numerous legal and

Mapping the Issue Free Essays

Tammy Lin ENGL 1302 051 Brittain 5/11/12 Trimming the Fat of a Growing Problem Obesity is becoming a major problem to many Americans as well as many people around the world. Being the second cause of preventable death in the United States, obesity increases the risk of numerous adverse health problems including breast cancer, heart disease, type II diabetes, osteoarthritis, colon cancer, stroke, and more. Obesity is defined as an excess proportion of total body fat, with a person being considered obese if his or her weight is twenty percent or more above normal body weight. We will write a custom essay sample on Mapping the Issue or any similar topic only for you Order Now A common way to measure obesity is by calculating the body mass index. An individual is considered overweight if his or her BMI is between twenty five and thirty, while a person is seen as obese if his or her BMI is over thirty. With that said, it has been estimated that sixty million Americans twenty years and older are obese, which makes up thirty percent of the adult population; meanwhile, nine million children and teenagers ages six to nineteen are overweight. The number of overweight and obese Americans has increased since 1960, a trend that shows no sign of slowing down. In this paper I will review three main positions regarding the issue of ways to approach the multiplying rate of obesity. First, there are those who advocate for the implementation of fat taxes. With the administration of taxes on unhealthy foods and drinks, this group believes that it will significantly discourage the consumption of such foods and will, in turn, promote healthy and responsible eating. Second, there are those who remain persistent in maintaining the privacy of one’s decision making concerning food intake. With the expansion of diverse kinds of food production, this group considers an individual’s food preference as unique, exclusive, and personal. Third, there are those who believe that lowering the costs of healthy foods will encourage the purchase of nourishing and health-benefiting foods. They embrace the belief that most people would eat healthier if the food was more affordable. The first position is the support of fat taxes. The people who stand in this position are those who are concerned with America’s public health issue today, especially the issues centering on obesity. Lisa Baertlin recently ublished an article on Reuters, an international news agency headquartered in the UK, entitled â€Å"Battle Lines Drawn over Soda, Junk Food Taxes† in response to the the wide-growing obesity epidemic today, with the proposition that fat taxes could help save individuals their health and money. She claims that taxes could help make up for the at least one hundred an d forty seven billion dollars spent on treating diseases related to obesity and fund programs that battle for this issue. According to U. S. lawmakers, soda tax is one of the most probable sources that would most likely be used to tackle healthcare reform. In relativity to the taxing of cigarettes, these people believe that by taxing soda, it would also similarly reduce consumption and its revenue stream; by taxing more than ten percent for beverages, purchases would be cut down by eight to ten percent. According to a recent Thomson Reuters survey included within Baertlin’s article, â€Å"about fifty-eight percent of Americans are willing to bear a tax increase of one percent or more to support healthcare reform† (Baertlin 1), which proves that more than half of American citizens are willing to take a step forward for the promotion of a healthy nation. Writers like Baertlin sympathize with those who are in the center of the public health crisis today, specifically â€Å"overweight adolescents who are starting to suffer problems that used to plague middle-aged adults† (1). Baertlin herself is in favor of administering fat taxes and is certain that levies on fattening foods are an essential factor of any anti-obesity endeavor. The food industry plays a large part in the causes of obesity. Most food companies are culpable of false advertisement, which swallows consumers into their too-good-to-be-true trends. Journalist Karlee Weinmann contributed a piece to Business Insider concerning food companies’ false advertisement. In the article â€Å"14 False Advertising Scandals That Cost Brands Millions†, Weinmann states that for companies that cross the line to making false claims, it can cost millions of dollars, while also having to face public negativity. However, even with all this said, will companies modify their marketing policies for the greater good, or will they uphold their profits as far more important than a consumer’s right to know the truth? More than likely, most brands will continue to false advertise their products, which is why these people in this group believe that fat taxes are efficient in lowering consumption of soda and other health-stripping foods. According to Weinmann, â€Å"there’s a big difference between pushing the truth and making false claims. Is a product really ‘scientifically proven’, and are ‘results guaranteed’? † (Weinmann 1). Food brands such as Activia yogurt, Splenda, Kashi, and Eclipse gum have been caught with such false advertisement scandals; the more unhealthy the food really is, the more beneficial its company would make it seem. Writers like Weinmann identify with those who have been misled by deceitful food claims made by the companies they trusted. Therefore, supporters of fat taxes are certain that the implementation of fat taxes would solve these complications by creating more awareness and heedfulness when consumers purchase junk foods. The second position is the promotion of health education and that one’s food choice should not be hindered or influenced to reduce obesity. The people who stand in this position believe that an individual should have choices in the items he or she buy, and be guilt-free. In the article â€Å"Childhood Obesity: A Global Public Health Issue† published in International Journal of Preventive Medicine†, writer Amar Kanekar states that the main cause of childhood obesity in today’s public health crisis in both developed and underdeveloped countries is because of the disproportion between the child’s caloric intake and the calories effectively used for growth/development and physical activities. To these people, what we eat is not the sole reason of the cause of obesity; genetic, behavioral, and environmental are all constituents of childhood obesity. Moreover, many health-related risks are present when a child is obese; negative body-image and low self-esteem inevitably result in psychological and social issues. Cardiovascular disease, increased cholesterol levels, and high blood pressure are all possible potential health risks involved and that there is, indeed, â€Å"preventive programs that help regulate obesity by educating individuals about healthy nutrition and diseases† (Kanekar 2). According to a report presented from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, in the years of 2007-2008, there was an estimation that â€Å"16. % of children and adolescent in the age group of 2-19 years were obese†¦The data collected for the same period shows that the adolescent (age group 12-19 years) obesity has increased from 5. 0 to 18. 1%† (2). By letting people know about health hazards and the importance of physical exercise, the chance of obesity could greatly decrease. Those who are pro-food-choice would si de with Kanekar in that they believe there should not be any direct government intervention with food costs, but that there should be a public informing of the effects commonly eaten unhealthy foods would result in. Kanekar, Baertlin, and Weinmann all believe that the prevalence of obesity seen in children and adults is increasing and that some form of action must be done. While these writers see and support the benefits of the reduction of junk food intake, Kanekar is more focused on declaring health education, with the hope of lowering BMI and the rate of weight gain. All three authors recognize the importance of lowering consumption of fatty foods, but the position here does not endorse the advocating of fat taxes. The third position is lowering the costs of healthy foods. The people who stand in this position believe that by decreasing the costs of healthful foods sold, there would be a habit shift in the people’s purchases of fatty foods to foods that are much more nutritional. Journalist Katherine Bauer published an article entitled â€Å"Price and Availability Matter† in Room for Debate, a running commentary by outside contributors from The New York Times, where she states the â€Å"lack of access to high quality, reasonably priced fruits and vegetables and other healthful foods has been associated with poorer diets and, in many cases, higher risk for obesity. This is especially true among lower-income individuals whose purchasing habits are more sensitive to the cost of food† (Bauer 1). There is strong evidence that shows a clear impact between change in food access and the pricing on one’s purchasing habits. For example, there are programs that decrease the cost of healthier foods, which resulted in the increased purchasing of the healthier foods. Cheaper prices on healthy foods reduce one’s weight, even if the cost of junk foods remains the same price. A news report conducted from the USDA observed the BMI of children and how it changed in correlation to food prices. It was shown that â€Å"if the price of 100% juice decreases 10%, BMIs decreased . 3%. The same process works for lowfat milk (. 35% decrease) and dark, leafy vegetables (. 28% decrease)† (2). Moreover, Bauer identifies with those who receive low-income and struggle with the purchase of healthy foods, and also with those who believe that it is not only the wealthy that ‘deserve’ the most benefits from the healthy aisles in the food market. Bauer’s views is relatively similar with Baertlin, Weinmann, and Kanekar, in that public attitudes towards obesity and obesity policy should be given much more ttention than it is now, but Bauer herself has a different approach in this matter, especially from Kanekar. She believes that health education may not be sufficient enough to cause a significant awareness in individuals that junk foods should no longer be habitually purchased. Instead, she considers the perspective that by lowering healthy foods, there would be an effective overall change in the nation’s weight and BMI and that the idea would more readily fit within one’s budget. Works Cited Page Baertlein, Lisa. â€Å"Battle lines drawn over soda, junk food taxes. † Reuters [Los Angeles] 1 Sept 2009, n. pag. Print. Katherine, Bauer. â€Å"Price and Availability Matter. † New York Times. (2011): 1-2. Web. 5 Apr. 2012. Kanekar, Amar. â€Å"Childhood Obesity: A Global Public Health Issue. † Int J Prev Med. (2011): 2. Web. 4 Apr. 2012. Weinmann, Karlee. â€Å"14 False Advertising Scandals That Cost Brands Millions. † Business Insider. (2011): 1-2. Web. 4 Apr. 2012. lt;www. businessinsider. comgt;. How to cite Mapping the Issue, Papers

Creation of Electronic Contracts Dynamic Business

Question: Describe about the Creation of Electronic Contracts for Dynamic Business. Answer: Creation of Electronic Contracts "Contract law is essentially a defensive scorched-earth battleground where the constant question is, "if my business partner was possessed by a brain-eating monster from beyond space time tomorrow, what is the worst thing they could do to me?" these words by award winning British Author Charles Stross has become an undeniable truth in this ubiquitous and dynamic business environment. With the changing business environment business owners or partners have a tool of resistance in the form of contract or agreement[1]. Over the years the mechanism of business has changed and with the induction of internet electronic businesses have emerged in the market. In this scenario the means of contracts have also undergone significant change. Before the internet age only paper was a means of writing contracts, but for electronic businesses paper contracts have been avoided which gave rise to a new form of contract that is electronic contract. The creation of electronic contract is comparatively ne w and is used in the contemporary business market[2]. The modern society relies on an economic system which is mainly based on contracts and with the emergence of the electronic businesses consumers have showed inclination in online shopping in fact to say doing online transaction which has created the need of having electronic contracts[3]. It is important to mention that with the electronic business spreading all across the world it has become very tough to maintain a proper legal relationship. Maintaining legal relationship became important and hence the concept of electronic contracts came up. According to several legal surveys it has been found that most of the consumers feel skeptic about online transactions for the absence of valid contract which established the need of electronic contract[4]. Electronic contract could be defined as the contract agreement between two or more individuals in the course of electronic transaction which acts as a formal legal contract as it contains all of the fundamental elements of the traditional contract. Generally a contract could take any form which could be verbal or written and hence an electronic contract is another form of agreement which could be used as a tool in case of any legal implication. According to the Electronic Transactions Act 1999 has facilitated the process of electronic transaction with the help of electronic communication in the form of data that is defined as the any kind of computer program as stated in the Copyright Act 1968[5]. The enforceability of online contracts in Australia has been done to facilitate online transaction looking at the booming e-commerce sector which has helped to develop the industry and provide ample support to its for nourishment. Since the concept of contracts is the basis for the exchange of goods having an effective contract is important and hence since the growth of e-commerce business has seen a rapid rise it was important to develop regulatory framework for online business and the electronic contracts rightly serves this purpose. The electronic contracts just differ by means but have all the essential elements of a valid contract[6]. The formation of an electronic contract is a vital factor to be considered here as electronic contracts have been used for the online businesses. In e-commerce people doesnt meet face to face and hence it is important to mention that there remains a strong confusion about the inclusion of the different fundamental elements of contract in the agreement[7]. A contract is considered valid or invalid based on the presence or the absence of the basic elements in the contract. In the recent years the efficiency and market accessibility of the e-commerce business has allowed the business owners a wide scope of expanding their businesses as well as it has also allowed the consumers to get their required things sitting back at home which has also added to the importance of electronic business[8]. With the rise of electronic business the essentiality of electronic contracts have risen consistently but since the parties making the contract never meet face to face it becomes extremely tough for them to consider a contract for their transaction and hence in these circumstances it becomes extremely important to assess the vitality of electronic contracts. It is important compare electronic contracts with the traditional form of contract to see its legitimateness and also its legal validity to serve the purpose of a transaction. There are two basic kinds of electronic contracts which are being used nowadays namely Click and Wrap Contract and Browse and Wrap Contract[9]. Comparison between Electronic Contracts The formation of traditional legal contract is quite similar to the formation of an electronic contract but they do have significant difference the basic elements of contract should be present in the electronic contract as well. For instance there should be a clear offer to sale and not a mere invitation to sale as shown in the case of AGC (Advances) Ltd v McWhirter (1977) 1 BLR 9454 where it was made clear that the offer by the auctioneer was a offer to treat and hence unlike this case the legal contract should have a clear offer[10]. Understanding of clear offer often becomes a problem for the consumers since the contracts have fixed place and time of making the contracts. On the other hand there should be a clear intention to create legal relations as shown in the case Administration of PNG vs. Leahy[11]. Basically it could be said that in the online world it is hard to understand the whether a visible information is an offer or not since it is not properly communicated to the oth er party regarding the terms and conditions which should be very clear in terms of offer, consideration and intention to create legal relations unlike the case Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth High Court of Australia (1954) 92 CLR 424 where the plaintiff argued that there was a contract but the court held there was no contract due to the absence of the above three aspects of contract[12]. It is important to mention that key difference between traditional contracts and electronic contracts is both the parties come into consensus at idem. The e-commerce has produced number of challenges which has to be handled effectively. Hence it could be said that the biggest problem in the formation of contract is the presence of the different key elements of contract in the absence of which a contract is deemed invalid. In electronic contracts it is important to identify and assess these elements failing which it could nullify the contract made as per the Electronic Transaction Act 1999[13]. Offer and Acceptance One of the biggest confusions that prevail in the creation of an electronic contract is the presence of absence of offer. Prima facie to the concept of offer, invitation of treat was not a known concept. Both the concepts become important for the law keepers due to the constant emergence of cases where consumers became confused whether to consider one ad as the offer or invitation to treat. Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Court of Appeal [1893] 1 QB 256; [1892] EWCA Civ 1 one of the cult cases in contract law showed the difference between an offer and invitation to treat consumers[14]. In this the court ruled that there was a valid offer as the company promised to pay reward if any one catches flu after using the smoke balls three times. When the company argued it was an invitation to treat the court stated that it was a unilateral contract from the side of company[15]. Similar legal implication could arise for the e-commerce businesses when they display their products and services for sale. The Click and Wrap contracts are those contracts which have the terms and conditions set in the same page as the I Agree button clicking on which the contract becomes valid. On the other hand the browse and wrap agreement is not an enforceable contract since it doesnt contain the terms and conditions page in the same page to agree to a particular offer or contract. Hence it is important for the consumers to be careful when they get into any sort of contract. In this kind of contract the merchants do face legal implication as they fail to show reasonable behavior towards the consumers[16]. Showing reasonability is important for every merchant especially dealing in electronic contract in order to keep that trust of the consumers failing which they could lose their business. Displays and Actual Offer There is a long standing confusion to displays being actual offers or being just invitation to treat since not all the advertisement satisfy the criteria to become an offer. This has been clearly shown in the case of Fisher v Bell 1961 that not all the advertisement could become an offer[17]. But it has been argued in the above case of Carlill vs Carbolic smoke ball that advertisements could be considered as unilateral offers and in this case once a display of a product is placed and consumer clicks on to buy it construes as an offer and in case the company fails to provide the same product the company is liable to be punished. From the above cases it could be said that perceived inconsistency lies in the fact about websites and hence it is not the fault of the law but for the lack of established facts which could have helped to determine these things effectively[18]. But to conclude it could be said that the displays are apparently an invitation to treat until and unless a consumer clicks on it to get into an agreement. Hence it could be said that the difficulty is just the matter of fact and law that hinders the decision making in electronic contracts. Withdrawal of mistaken offer Taking back a mistaken offer or rescinding it could be an arduous job for the offerors. In the recent cases it has been seen that mistaken offers were not taken very lightly by the other parties namely the consumers. It doesnt go well if any party does a misrepresentation of an offer and it can affect the relationship between both the parties getting into an agreement especially in the electronic means of business. Rescinding a mistaken offer could be done only before an offer is accepted. In this case it is same for the online transactions. If in case the online vendor makes a mistake by printing the wrong price for a product and then consumers pay for it to get that product in that case the vendor has to honor the deal as stated by the Australian Contract Law and in that case the party trying to withdraw shall be bound to pay for the damages caused to the other party[19]. For the withdrawal of an offer it is extremely important to communicate and in case it is not done the offferor might face trouble regarding the offer. However the vendor could take back the offer whenever he or she wants since the ads are basically displayed as invitation to treat and not as an offer as shown in the case of Bell v Lever Bros [1932] AC 161. As per facts it could be said that most of the mistakes made by one side doesnt affect the contract as it is considered as a unilateral mistake and hence doesnt affect the contract, whereas if the mistake is a mutual mistake made by both parties then the contract could be considered void[20]. Legal assistance for Parties The standard legal principles of contract law are applicable for online transactions. The Australian businesses have to abide by certain principles of business and the fair trade policies developed by the Australian Competition and Commission in support with Australian Competition and Consumer Act 2010 which also applies to the e-commerce businesses. The ACCC focuses to develop a strong platform to safeguard the rights of its consumers by contracting the persons with whom the contracts have been made. The consumers are open to seek legal actions in case they feel cheated or betrayed. Overall it could be said that the party affected in online transaction could get legal support from Australian Competition and Consumer Commission as per the Consumer act of 2010[21]. Existing issues in the creation of electronic contracts There are number of issues with electronic contracts which have to be addressed by the Australian Government with the help of Electronic Transaction Act 1999. The main issue of offer and acceptance stay there since the merchants precisely fix the time and place of the agreement thus determining the jurisdiction of the contract. Offer in electronic business could be misleading and hence it becomes tough for the consumers to understand which one is an offer and which an invitation to treat is. With the e-commerce business expanding it has become tough for the government to understand the jurisdiction for keeping the law intact and finally the enforceability of online contract still have confusions which has to be addressed to continue electronic business. It could be concluded by stating an old aphorism Prevention is better than cure to properly go ahead with the electronic contracts to avoid any legal issues[22]. Bibliography Bakos, Y., Marotta-Wurgler, F., Trossen, D. R.. Does anyone read the fine print? Consumer attention to standard form contracts.(2014) Journal of Legal Studies. Bonell, M. J. An international restatement of contract law: (the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2009). Chrysostome, E., Rosson, P. The internet and SME internationalisation: promises and illusions.(2009). Journal for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development. Cole, J., Milosevic, Z. Extending support for contracts in ebXML. InAustralian Computer Science Communications. (IEEE Computer Society. 2001, January). Davidson, A.The law of electronic commerce. (Cambridge University Press. 2009) Gindin, S. E.. Nobody reads your privacy policy or online contract: Lessons learned and questions raised by the FTC's action against Sears.(Nw. J. Tech. Intell. Prop.,8, 1. 2009) Governatori, G., Pham, D. H. Dr-contract: An architecture for e-contracts in defeasible logic (2009)..International Journal of Business Process Integration and Management. Hillman, R. A.The richness of contract law: An analysis and critique of contemporary theories of contract law(Vol. 28). (Springer Science Business Media. 2012) Hillman, R. Principles of Contract Law, ( 3d Concise Hornbook Series. West Academic. 2013). McKendrick, E..Contract law: text, cases, and materials. (Oxford University Press UK 2014). Murray, A. D..Entering into contracts electronically: the real www. (Hart Publishing. 2012) Nottage, L.. Consumer law reform in Australia: Contemporary and comparative constructive criticism.(2009). Queensland U. Tech. L. Just. J.,9, 111. Paterson, J. M.. The Australian Unfair Contract Terms Law: The Rise of Substantive Unfairness as a Ground for Review of Standard Form Consumer Contracts (2009).Melbourne University Law Review,33(3). Schaffer, R., Agusti, F., Dhooge, L. J., Earle, B International business law and its environment. (Cengage learning. 2011). Twigg-Flesner, C. The Europeanisation of contract law: current controversies in law. (Routledge. 2013). Case Laws AGC (Advances) Ltd v McWhirter (1977) 1 BLR 9454 Administration of PNG vs. Leahy Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth High Court of Australia (1954) 92 CLR 424 Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Court of Appeal [1893] 1 QB 256; [1892] EWCA Civ 1 Fisher v Bell 1961 Bell v Lever Bros [1932] AC 161