Business Entity Regulations Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Entity Regulations Paper - Essay Example Next comes the most significant part. In the event that it is as sole ownership or general organization, the substance probably won't require enrollments yet in the event that it as Corporations, LLCs or LLPs or restricted associations, it requires business filings with the Kansas Secretary of State. Likewise, if the business is as organization (constrained or restricted risk), non-benefit, restricted obligation organization or a partnership, the substance must be enrolled with the State of Kansas. The business element is conceded an Employer Identification Number (EIN) which is a government charge recognizable proof number. It is basic for the businesses to have EIN before they enlist any individual. Aside from these required variables, the element additionally must be enrolled for the state expenses and attempt to get organizations licenses and allows from the state just as the nearby governments to work legitimately. Last however not the least, for the new companies, direction are given to enlist the representatives at the primary spot. The yearly filling report can be acquired electronically or on the web. At the beginning, the name of the business substance and the distinguishing proof number of business ID according to Secretary of State’s record must be entered. The business substance (Lario Oil and Natural Gas for this situation) ought to have reprobate and dynamic status to record on the web. Likewise the business element must have Mastercard office and financial records. As the Lario Oil and Gas Company is a benefit element, it needs to pay a level charge of USD 50. The due date for the yearly report can be found by leading a business element search or reaching the workplace of the Secretary of State. The other significant part of the system is that the online alternative is relevant just to the organizations having addresses at the United States and Canada. In the event that the organization has address in any of different countries, it needs to mail the yearly report in paper archive to the

LLM in Construction Law

Question: Talk about theConstruction Contract Law for Quashquell Construction. Answer: Issue and Facts QQ is an enlisted property designer situated in UK which in wake of the Brexit choice and diminished interest had chosen in October 2015 that their present place of business at Salford would be exchanged. The firm chose to move to another office on March 1, 2016 arranged in Hull where it bought an old Victorian structure. There was prerequisite of significant renovation in this structure combined with another focal warming framework. For the renovation works, QQ granted an agreement to Retro Salvagers Ltd (RSL). As a feature of the hidden agreement among QQ and RSL, it was concurred that the works must be done by February 25, 2016 as the empty old office must be given over to the new purchaser. Further, moving over to the new office was feasible for QQ just when repair was finished. Moreover, the agreement additionally indicated that any postponement in culmination by RSL would prompt a decline in the installment made at the pace of 4.5% of agreement cost every day. RSL couldn't comp lete the work on schedule and thus QQ needed to move activities to a lodging which happened to be arranged in the close by territory. There was a postponement of ten days during which the all out misfortune borne by QQ was 4,700 as far as lease and 5,000 in benefits. For focal warming framework, Dapar Heating Systems Ltd (DHS) was drawn closer by QQ for a statement. For the warming framework proposed by DHS, QQ had a great deal of inquiries about the vitality productivity of the proposed framework however the agent from DHS that the framework has predominant vitality proficiency and establishment cost would be recoverable inside two years. QQ was intrigued by this viewpoint and chose to go into an agreement with DHS with the cut-off date of establishment being fixed at 25th February. According to the agreement, any deferral over this date regardless of the time would prompt a singular amount punishment of 1200. The designers of DHS were pre-busy with another work and consequently there was a deferral in the establishment of the framework. The framework was just introduced seven days after the companys office got operational. Accordingly, QQ needed to acquire steady expenses to the tune of 400 every day. The warming framework introduced broke down again following three weeks and henceforth for seven days the versatile radiators must be sent by QQ. Later on a physical review being led by free master, it was uncovered that the warming framework had establishment issues and furthermore had a place with the lower end of the vitality effectiveness. Because of a gas spill, there was a blast in the warming framework and made misfortune the organization other than the representatives. The center issue is to exhortation QQ corresponding to the potential cases against RSL and DHS thinking about the above realities. Law There are basically two viewpoints in the above case. One identifies with the deferral in the development for which express arrangement has been remembered for the executed agreement with the applicable gatherings. Considering the significance of time in development contracts, there is normally an express arrangement present in such agreements to manage the postponement in development. If there should arise an occurrence of not finishing the development at a specific date laid out in the agreement, harms may should be payable by the contractual worker to the customer. These harms are known as sold harms (LD). The LD provision will in general be valuable for the business as the cash indicated could be asserted without really demonstrating the degree of misfortune and furthermore ignores whether preventive measures were taken by the business or not. For the temporary worker, LD statement prompts the obsession of the greatest obligation that would should be borne if there should be an occurrence of any postponements. The LD proviso is typically maintained by the courts[1]. Nonetheless, it is basic that the LD proviso must be founded on a sensible gauge of the conceivable misfortune caused by the b usiness. The English courts don't take into consideration a punishment to be demanded and in such cases may mediate Also, it is basic that the concurred technique as expressed in the agreement with respect to sees and different conventions should be trailed by the business. Further, the business ought not have been answerable for the deferral caused because of confined access to premises, adjusting administration principles in the agreement fruition and different postponements for which the temporary worker can't be held responsible[2]. In addition, there is a second worry corresponding to the non-execution of legally binding obligations by the temporary worker concerning DHS. In this respects, it is basic that if there is dependence of the business on the aptitude of contractual worker in the determination of merchandise or materials which are of essential quality measures, at that point the concerned material proposed by the temporary worker ought to be suitable for the utilization indicated by the customer or employer[3]. This is obvious from the decision made in the Young Marten v. McManus Childs[4] case. According to this case, the offended party bought tiles following up on the counsel of the appealing party. Be that as it may, consequently these records were not seen as merchantable because of the idle assembling deformity that these contained. This was in spite of the way that there no express proviso identified with readiness for reason remembered for the contract[5]. In any case, it is basic to take note o f this isn't the situation when the customer has looked for a specialist counsel before settling on a decision. This is obvious from the choice made in the Rotherham MBC v. Haslam Milan Co Ltd[6] case. Likewise, according to the merchandise or administrations gave, it is basic to agree to the arrangements of the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 despite the fact that the equivalent may not be explicitly expressed in the ordered agreement. In any case, so as to maintain a strategic distance from the equivalent, it is suggested that normalized structures be utilized by the contracting gatherings to go into a legally binding relationship[7]. Moreover, with respect to carelessness in giving the essential standard of administration, it is very conceivable that the temporary worker may owe commitments to the business both under agreement law and tort law, a circumstance alluded to as simultaneous liabilities[8]. In such manner, Robinson v. PE Jones (Contractors) Ltd[9] case is profoundly critical. For this situation, it was featured that because of agreement, it couldn't be expected that the contractual worker likewise owes an obligation to mind naturally. In any case, an elective perspective is given by the choice reached out in Barclays Bank plc v Fairclough Building LtdNo 2[10] situation where the simultaneous obligation of the temporary worker was maintained and it was decided that obligation to mind consequently emerges in such cases. Subsequently, there is still discussion regarding the matter of simultaneous liabilities. In any case, in examples, where the imperfection in development is not kidding to the point that it has prompted genuine injury, at that point the simply monetary misfortune could likewise be considered[11]. Application In view of the given realities and the pertinent law, the main issue identifies with the exchanged harms. Despite the fact that exchanged harms are for the most part enforceable, they should be started with the goal to recoup the conceivable misfortunes and not be corrective in nature. Concerning the LD provision in the agreement with RSL, the predetermined LD is 4.5% of the agreement worth or 4.5% of 50,000 which adds up to 2,250. Notwithstanding, in fact the misfortune endured by QQ because of deferral is 970. Obviously, there is a colossal distinction between the two sums and consequently it appears to be likely that the court may not authorize the LD provision as there is a punishment component included by QQ. In any case, there is no data for the situation to recommend that the postponement by RSL was by virtue of any obstruction or modification of value norms by QQ. Consequently, RSL can't guarantee any guard in such manner and would need to represent sensible liquidation harms . In the event of DHS, it is evident that the exchanged harms in the agreement are more than sensible and thus there is no reformatory pay associated with the equivalent. Be that as it may, thinking about the idea of the condition, if the postponement was of lesser term and the misfortune acquired by QQ was impressively lesser, it is very conceivable that the equivalent could have been challenged by DHS. Moreover, it is clear that with respect to the vitality productivity of the warming framework, QQ depended on the counsel from DHS. In any case, assessment from free master later uncovered that the case of DHS with respect to productivity wasn't right. Consequently, in accordance with the choice made in Young Marten v. McManus Childs case, QQ may guarantee installments for the poor vitality effectiveness of the framework. This is in spite of the nonattendance of an express provision seeing vitality effectiveness as it was a noteworthy worry for QQ as evident from the discussions. Moreo ver, harms may likewise be guaranteed for the failures in establishment by DHS whereby it was normal that the contractual worker would consent to the arrangements of the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 and along these lines ought to have guaranteed that no breaches would have been done in establishment of the framework. Likewise, it is evident in the given case that because of the carelessness in the establishment of the warming framework as set up by a free master, there was conceivable spillage of gas which in the end prompted the blast which other than making injury the workers has additionally caused financial misfortune as property being harmed because of blast. In light of the case realities, it appears to be evident that the business QQ might have done nothing to maintain a strategic distance from the equivalent and was not likewise mindful of the establishment deformity when the blast happened. Thus, QQ may likewise guarantee harms for the recuperation of the misfortune to property caused because of the blast refering to the decision conveyed in the Barclays Bank plc v Fairclough Building LtdNo 2 case. Sally and Sean: Issue DHS has mistakenly introduced the warming framework and because of a gas release, the warming framework detonates which brings about genuine wounds caused to Sally and Sean. The center issue is to offer them exhortation dependent on the above fa

FourFiveUnits

FourFiveUnits tl;dr: Look how empty my Firehose is compared to the other bloggers: Hello dear readers. In keeping with the trend of bloggers posting their classes this semester, I thought I would show off how naked and empty my schedule is. The truth is, however, like any MIT student with blocks of free time, none of those empty hours will ever be spent doing nothing. In fact, I think this will be one of my busiest semesters so far. I have been Doing nonstop. I think it might be a personality thing. I tend to pick up new activities to fill any available time, like a gas expanding to fill its container. I am enrolled in 45 units, which is 3 units less than a /typical courseload/ but 9 units more than the minimum number of units required to maintain full-time status. Its still four classes. According to course evaluations from previous years, these classes will amount to about 28 hours of classwork per week, including the time spent in lecture. I will admit that this is a relatively low number (considering MIT translates 1 unit as roughly equivalent to 1 hour of classwork, so a typical 48-unit semester should take about 48 hours out of your week), but then again that estimate is based on an average of student responses to the question How many hours did you spend per week? I tend to spend more time than the average MIT student working on things, so its healthy for my brain and GPA to have a little bit more free time in the week. I am realizing now that this doesnt exactly mesh with the thing I said earlier about filling up the empty parts of my schedule with activities. Call me out i f you must, but if Im playing one-gotta-go with my various commitments, I tend to punt a pset before I punt anything else. Here are what those numbers on the colored rectangles mean and why I am taking them: 7.29: Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. Im taking this class as a follow-up to last semesters 9.01 Intro to Neuroscience, since I didnt get much bio out of that one. It also fulfills one of my required biology restricted electives. Since Im 7A (a sort of biology-flex degree that allows me to explore other subject areas), I decided to work on an informal focus in neurobiology01 In a world where I passed 6.00, I am a course 9. That is not, however, this world, so I will accept my course 7 identity. since brains are really interesting, or at least thats what mine thinks. 7.06: Cell Biology. This is the last of my non-elective course 7 requirements (a single tear rolling down my cheek). Go figure, its also allegedly the hardest one, with 5.12 coming the closest to dethroning it. In this class, I will learn about cell organization, information processing in the cell, signal transduction, cytoskeleton organization (organelles n things), and cell specialization. So far the worst thing about this class has been that it starts at 9:30 am. 7.49: Developmental Neurobiology. Another bio restricted elective. How are brane formed? Blastula, gastrula, wow frog eggs are way bigger02 still only ~1 mm than human eggs, Spemann organizer, BMP, is this factor directly causing this process or is it inhibiting an inhibitor of the process, neural plate, neural tube, neural crest cells, vegetal pole, cutting things off and attaching them elsewhere, how is this process not constantly going wrong, we can cut things with baby hairs. 9.28: Current Topics in Developmental Neurobiology. This is a 9-unit CI-M that is essentially just giving two 20-minute presentations on recent papers from the field at the end of the 7.49 lecture. That sounds incredibly easy, thought the reader, not realizing that the author is terrible at presenting. In addition to all of the above, I will be Cooking food for myself instead of ordering food or just not eating sometimes (~7 hrs/week) Working desk at my dorm for that $11 Massachusetts minimum wage (10 hrs/week) Being a DJ/producer/OTA engineer for the third year and programming co-director for the first year at WMBR (~4 hrs/week) Copy-editing and regular editing News and Career features for JYI (~2 hrs/week) Going to dinner seminars with my HASS-minded peers (including Elissa) as a Burchard Scholar (~2 hrs/week) Experimenting so hard at the Walker lab (~10 hrs/week) Seeking housing for my first Bay Area internship (~1-5 hr/week, depending on how manic I am) Writing more blogs (??? hrs/week) which seems like it will take more hours than the classes Im enrolled in. This is going to be really fun next semester when I begin the laborious task of applying to grad school. Post Tagged #classes #extracurriculars In a world where I passed 6.00, I am a course 9. That is not, however, this world, so I will accept my course 7 identity. back to text ? still only ~1 mm back to text ?

“White Man’s Burden” Essay - 905 Words

Rudyard Kipling’s 1899 poem â€Å"The White Man’s Burden† epitomizes the European man’s view on imperialism, Euro-centrism and social Darwinism. Four centuries before 1899, such ideas were briefly hinted in the letter from Christopher Columbus to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, however by 1899 these attitudes strengthened and developed fully into their complete meaning. The U.S and Europe’s imperialism in the nineteenth century were the most influential ever in the history of human civilization. The immense motive for imperialism came from social factors including religion and Social Darwinism. Missionaries frequently rushed to Africa and Asia to convert its people to Christianity. On the other hand, social Darwinism argued the survival of†¦show more content†¦Taking care indicates improvement of their culture until they reach that of the Euro-American standards which makes it clear that â€Å"The White man’s Burden† proposes that the phase after exploration is the self-centered education of the colonial population. The same month Kiplings poem was published, the Treaty of Paris was ratified and the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam were acquired by the United States while Cuba remained occupied by the military. Advocates of this acquisition gravitated to the poem and popularized it as the literary voice of benevolent assimilation. The poem makes clear Kiplings view of attitudes that allowed colonialism to proceed. Although a belief in the virtues of empire was widespread at the time, there were also many dissenters; the publication of the poem caus ed a flurry of arguments from both sides, most notably from Mark Twain and Henry James. Mark Twain asserted that Kipling wrote the poem to help persuade many doubting Americans to seize the Philippines, which seemed to be a fair point of view for that time period. In the New York Herald, October 15, 1900, Twain describes his transformation and political awakening, in the context of the Philippine-American War. He recognizes his transformation from being Pro- imperialist to Anti- imperialist. Many Anti-imperialists like Mark Twain acted on the popularity of the poem to attack the McKinley’s policies as too great a burden orShow MoreRelatedEssay of the White Mans Burden976 Words   |  4 PagesEssay of â€Å"The White Man’s Burden† (1980), Jan Needle. This is a short story by Jan Needle. We follow the teenager Tony Robertson, who really wants to be friends with immigrants and thinks very positive of the multi-cultural society. It is pretty ironic that although his amiable behavior, two Paki-stanis eventually end up beating him up. Tony is liberal, he thinks that everyone should have the same chances, and he doesn’t prejudice anyone. â€Å"He’d brought Tony up to be liberal, to reckon onRead MoreEssay The White Mans Burden and The Recessional529 Words   |  3 PagesThe White Mans Burden and The Recessional In â€Å"The White Man’s Burden† and in â€Å"The Recessional†, Kipling outlines his idealistic concept of empire which is based on service and sacrifice. England sends some of their best man to defend and help India. The white man has the mission to civilize the Indians. It is their responsibility to culture them, to put them on the right path. They are there to make India a better place to live and bring the population up to date on the style of living. ThisRead MoreThe White Mans Burden1574 Words   |  7 PagesWhat was once perceived to be ‘the white man’s burden’ has engulfed all developed nations – we’re all quixotic fools of imperialism. If you think that you’ve heard of ‘the white man’s burden’ before you’re correct, it is a poetic piece by Kipling; written in 1898 for the purpose of the US (United States). The finale verse is poignant to all: Take up the white man’s burden, have done with childish days, the lighter proffered laurel, the easy, ungrudged praise. Comes now, to search your manhood throughRead MoreImperialism: the White Mans Burden890 Words   |  4 PagesImperialism: The White Mans Burden and the The Real White Mans Burden Well in order to show how imperialism was used in the nature of those two poems, I have to define it. Imperialism is the extension of sovereignty or control by one people or state over another. The objective is the exploitation of the controlled people or state. Imperialism has four major components: economic, military (strategic), political, and humanitarian. Imperialist powers are not bound to follow the laws, internationalRead MoreWhite Mans Burden1523 Words   |  7 PagesWhite Man s Burden The movie we watched in class was called White Man s Burden. According to some sociologists the white man s burden is an unwanted burden that white men, who are in the upper part of society, must bring the minority classes up to their status. For example, if it were applied today white folks would have to help bring black folks up into a higher class. While this theory was used many years ago, it is still in consideration today. This movie took a very unique approachRead MoreEssay on Colonialism and Imperialism - The White Mans Burden1602 Words   |  7 PagesImperialism: The White Mans Burden      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In one of his most famous poems, Rudyard Kipling said, Take up the white mans burden! (146). He was only one of many who believed in the virtues of imperialism in the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries. During that period, imperialism was on the rise, and Africa was being swallowed up by competing European nations. The imperialists had many arguments supporting imperialism. They said it was beneficial and, in some cases, essentialRead MoreAnalysis Of Conrad s The Heart Of Darkness794 Words   |  4 Pagesan ox to till his field. When the people â€Å"sickened, became inefficient†, they went to a grove to die (Conrad). Another stereotype shown was that imperialism hurts the conquerors and those being conquered. â€Å"White Man’s Burden† by Rudyard Kipling was originally titled â€Å"The White Man s Burden: The United States and The Philippine Islands† (GMU). America took control of the Philippine government. This led to political turmoil which escalated into the Philippine-American war. In the the war, thousandsRead MoreThe Height Of Colonialism Between The 18th And 20th Century2818 Words   |  12 Pagespaintings and writings, helped construct this image of native populations as lesser beings. One such piece, a poem â€Å"The White Man’s Burden† written by English poet Rudyard Kipling in 1899 was originally written to address the dangers of empire building, but has also been taken at face value and used by imperialists as a way to promote colonialism as a noble cause: Take up the White Man s burden Send forth the best ye breed Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives need; To wait in heavy harnessRead More Comparing Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness and Kiplings Poetry1515 Words   |  7 PagesImperialism in Heart of Darkness and Kiplings Poetry   Ã‚  Ã‚   Imperialism sprung from an altruistic and unselfish aim to take up the white mans burden1 and â€Å"wean [the] ignorant millions from their horrid ways.†2 These two citations are, of course, from Kipling’s â€Å"White Man’s Burden† and Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, respectively, and they splendidly encompass what British and European imperialism was about – at least seen from the late-nineteenth century point of view. This essay seeks to exploreRead MoreHeart of Darkness Imperialism, Hegemony, and Othering1570 Words   |  7 Pagesangry, he could have been killed. He simply did not have a win- win situation. So he chose what he thought was best for him. One of the more famous lines in â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† is, â€Å"When the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys.† What I perceived from this quote was when a white man becomes tyrant he destroys his own free will. Orwell will constantly be doing what he thinks the Burmans want. He will live as a fake. When he put himself in a hierarchy over the Burmans and

Comparison of Animism and Hinduism Essay - 1040 Words

Edward Burnett Tylor was born in 1832 and passed away in the year 1917. He was the founder of modern academic discipline of anthropology. Tylor belonged to a generation of academics and was raised in a religious family. He was a well-educated individual who began his own career in fieldwork in Mexico and ended up receiving and honorary doctorate from Oxford University where he was the keeper of the Museum. He eventually became the first Professor of Anthropology in Britain and later retired in 1909. Tylor had made different opinions on religion. He defined culture as a complex whole that consists of many attributes. Tylor also came up with an evolutionary view. This view was concerning culture and development and the fact that animism was†¦show more content†¦These two concepts are very similar to the beliefs of Hinduism. In Hinduism, they believe to continue life after death. To understand this concept you have to first grasp the idea of the soul. In Hinduism people believe in the existence of the soul. They believe the soul to be external, invisible and unchanging. Atman in Hinduism means soul in English. The believed the concept of soul (atman) to be very important in human life. Just like Animism the atman or soul is a crucial part of the human body and controls the power within. Animism is closely related to the concepts of Hinduism. In Hinduism most individuals believe that there is life after death, and that the soul(atman) doesn’t rest in peace if the spirit is displeased. As for Animism it has a similar concept. The second dogma about Animism which is the upward to the rank of powerful deities is also a similar theory comparing to Hinduism. Both theories believe in deities, which are is a supernatural, immortal being. According to Tylor he also believed that their sprits and souls not only existed in people but also existed in animals, plants and inanimate objects. He pictured these souls as vapors or shadows going from one body to another. ThisShow MoreRelated An Analytical Approach to Truth and Religion Essays6441 Words   |  26 Pagesscholars working in religious studies were presented in such a way as if they referred to truth in religion in general. However, their interest is in fact mostly (if not exclusively) restricted to the great religions of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism which all have well developed doctrines. The approach to the problem was additionally determined by the western concept of truth and the Christian view of religion. Earlier Occidental scholars retained the doctrinal model of religionRead MoreEssay on Change Analysis Chart Postclassical (600-1450 C.E.)8730 Words   |  35 PagesHeaven (Natalie) Direct Comparison: †¢ As seen by the examples of Emperor Yang Jian and Hongwu, who reigned almost eight centuries apart, the Mandate of Heaven was used as a means to create a centralized bureaucracy, and construct a more controlled, yet efficient rule. Analysis: †¢ The continued use of the the Mandate of Heaven as a means of justification of rule and primacy of leadership throughout multiple centuries of Chinese dynastic rule demonstrates the Direct Comparison: Between the years

On Civil Liberties and the Redefinition of Freedom Free Essays

An appreciation of the civil liberties and basic freedoms enjoyed by the American individual, according to Eric Foner, would be impossible without a knowledge of how the American people—generation after generation—struggled to define and demarcate the boundaries of freedom and liberty. In â€Å"The Story of American Freedom,† Foner (2002) successfully applies a mà ©lange of analytical framework ranging from structural analysis, marxist dialectical and historical materialism; to feminist and postmodern criticism to prove that â€Å"freedom has always been a terrain of conflict, subject to multiple and competing interpretations.† By analyzing freedom from a historical narrative, he aims to show â€Å"how at different periods of American history different ideas of freedom have been conceived and implemented, and how the clash between dominant and dissenting views has constantly reshaped the idea’s meaning. We will write a custom essay sample on On Civil Liberties and the Redefinition of Freedom or any similar topic only for you Order Now ’’ And because of this, the discourse of American civil liberties—borne from the American people’s love affair with the idea of freedom—will only gain relevance by identifying the â€Å"the meanings of freedom; the social conditions that make it possible; and the boundaries of freedom — the definition, that is, of who is entitled to enjoy it (Foner, 2002).† â€Å"The Birth of Civil Liberties† Indeed, the notions of civil liberties in a given society are necessarily intertwined with its cherished concept of freedom. In the book’s eight chapter, entitled â€Å"The Birth of Civil Liberties,† Foner shows that the inception of the idea of civil liberties was the outcome of the tumultuous events and crisis prior and after the World War I: the United States’ participation in the war, the   paranoia produced by the emergence of Socialist Russia, and the Great Depression following shortly after the war ended. It was at this period, with the widespread poverty amidst the growth of the United States as a major Capitalist economy; and Progressivists’ disenchantment with the illusions of state benevolence after the whole scale arrest of left-wing intellectuals, that the paradigm shift from the dominant â€Å"freedom from† into â€Å"freedom to† occurred. The ideas of social scientists as Herbert Croly, John Dewey, and William Willoughby, for med the basis of the new definition of freedom as one that does not only protect the individual from aggression, but one that actually permitted him to do things. Foner (2002) narrates the ensuing contradiction between the dominant progressivism and the emerging modern liberalism: â€Å"Effective freedom,’ wrote John Dewey, who pondered the question from the 1890s until his death in 1952, was far different from the ‘highly formal and limited concept of liberty’ as a preexisting possession of autonomous individuals that needed to be protected from outside restraint.† For effective freedom to crystallize, it was realized,   certain conditions first had to be met. Human beings (at this stage meaning White Men), for instance, though â€Å"by nature† imbued with the freedom to live comfortably, could not do so if they were impoverished. Freedom therefore required that a human being be economically secure, which meant that unemployment and starvation were seen as infringements to freedom. â€Å"The New Deal and the Redefinition of Freedom† By the 1930’s, the belief that economic security was a critical condition for exercising individual freedoms had gained significant acceptance. This is reflected in the way that the state, led by then Pres. Roosevelt,   implemented the New Deal from 1933-37, the pre-cursor of the establishment of welfare in the United States which implemented â€Å"relief,† â€Å"reform,† and â€Å"recovery† by intervening in the market and granting the demands of groups from a variety of the political spectrum. Seeking to cushion the impact of the Great Depression on the starving and unemployed majority of the American people, as well as pacify the restless from succumbing to socialist ideology, the New Deal showed the transformation of progressivism into modern liberalism, which espoused Keynesian economic models and personal freedom based on the four Rs: freedom of speech, freedom to worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. Fighting for Freedom And so it is with the rhetoric of freedom that the United States would camouflage its interests in going to the Second World War and in declaring the cold war against the socialist bloc of the USSR. Noting the irony when Pres. Roosevelt promises the world a Global New Deal based on the four freedoms while declaring its participation in the war,   Foner echoes   Dewey’s lament when he wrote in â€Å"The Meaning of Freedom in the Age of Emancipation† that:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"in our own time, we have witnessed the putative division of the planet into free and non-free worlds (with the former including many nations that might be seen as lacking in freedom) invoked to justify violations of individual liberties at home and interference with the right to self determination (Foner, 1994)† This startling realization, that â€Å"American freedom has been both a reality and a mythical ideal — a living truth for millions of Americans; a cruel mockery for others,†Ã‚  influenced the formation of racial, gender, ethnicity, and class-based reform and radical abolitionist movements whose basic slogan was that of equality and the recognition of marginalized groups, such as those for the citizenship of the Blacks, women’s suffrage in the 1960s, and the people’s right to state-sponsored provision of social services in the 1930s. Foner describes the development of emergent concepts of freedom in   the 20th century which tested and challenged the status quo:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"feminists sought to recast gender relations in order to afford women the same freedom as men, and Americans divided over whether poverty and lack of economic security should be seen as deprivations of freedom that the government had an obligation to alleviate.† The women’s vocal demands for their right to vote   and the Black and immigrant movement for civil recognition, were therefore significant efforts to redefine the inclusive and exclusive meanings of freedom since â€Å"categories of freedom defines the categories of unfreedom.†Ã‚   Foner affirms the relevance of such movements by stating that,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"those who adopt a purely ‘negative’ view of freedom as the absence of external coercion, rather than, for example, economic autonomy or political empowerment, must identify what constitutes illegitimate coercion.† It is with this contention, that â€Å"freedom has not simply been a linear progress toward a pre-ordained goal,† but rather a complex and conflicted—and sometimes even violent— struggle between the contradicting interests of groups; tainted by class, race, ethnicity, gender, and even religion, that Foner   challenges and dares his reader to attempt to redefine the confined, claustrophobic spaces of America’s state-sponsored concepts of freedom. References: Foner, Eric. The Story of American Freedom. New York: Norton, 1998. pp. 163-236 Foner, Eric, â€Å"The Meaning of Freedom in the Age of Emancipation.† The Journal of American History 81, no. 2 (Sept. 1994) p. 4. How to cite On Civil Liberties and the Redefinition of Freedom, Essay examples

Juvenile Delinquency And Society Essays - Criminology,

Juvenile Delinquency And Society Juvenile Delinquency and Society Throughout time, crime has played in an important part in the function of society. We see crime in the news everyday, in our communities, in our schools, and in some cases, even in our immediate families. Which reaches out and takes a stranglehold on the human-interest angle of the general public's mind, and makes us become enveloped in the thought processes of the modern criminal. Along these lines, the fascination with delinquent behavior and the mind of the delinquent has prompted the development of numerous theories, and the continuous, yet rigorous, study of youth behavior. But only recently has the concept of juvenile delinquency become an issue in the way crime among youth is viewed. Our society tends to hold children in special regards in most cases, and the implementation of the juvenile court system led to the development of specific theories such as neutralization, labeling, and social control theories, by people which had a first-hand interest in these juvenile delinquenc y cases. These theories help investigators, parents, family, peers, and the community, to better understand why our children do what they do. For years, factors such as gender, race, age, and social class, have been the dominant force in research studies to explain the juvenile delinquent and their actions (Hewitt and Regoli, 2000). The culture that exists today is different than the American culture twenty years ago, and in twenty years from now, American culture will have yet again, undergone a similar reconstruction. Trends in our daily trials and tribulations, affect how a youth will choose to live his or her own life, whether or not they choose what is right or wrong, or stray from the path of being a model citizen. These factors and how they interact with the relation of the theories of neutralization, labeling, and social control, is crucial to our situation, with fifteen year old Matt, who is of lower class status, and has seen himself involved in the theft of an automobile. To further evaluate this crime, I'll begin to apply these mentioned theories to explain this specific incident. In our example of the neutralization theory in regard to this crime, Matt has stolen a car, and when it comes time for him to pay the piper, or face the effects of his criminal act, more than likely, he will use some sort of neutralization technique to justify his actions. The five neutralization techniques are 1) denial or responsibility, 2) denial of injury, 3) denial of victim, 4) Condemnations of condemners, and 5) appeal to a higher loyalty (Hewitt and Regoli, 2000). As a delinquent youth, Matt comes from a lower class family, therefore, he could state that he stole the car because he needed it more than the owner. He could also state that his crime was committed just for fun. By doing this, Matt is using a very common aspect of this theory otherwise known as, a technique of neutralization (Hewitt and Regoli, 2000). Matt could very well assert that since he is a juvenile he is not going to held responsible for his actions, that the act may be ignored in the American justice syst em, though he is forgetting about the juvenile court system. The next technique he could use would involve the denial or injury, although it is still deemed a criminal act, no one was hurt in the actual crime. The delinquent neutralizes the crime by using such techniques as an explanation that can allow for exceptions to be made (Shields and Whitehall, 1994). To apply the fourth neutralization technique to this crime, Matt could possibly blame his parents or friends for his behavior. By placing the blame or cause for the crime on someone else, Matt is able to compare his behavior to that of the person that is reprimanding him, along with whatever positive or negative influence they may have. In further defense of his criminal act, Matt is also susceptible to the fifth neutralization technique, which would allow him to make his act seem somewhat appropriate by stating, for example, that his family needed the car to take a sick family member to the hospital. Any one thing that Matt co uld